Abstract:

Studying mixed-species bird flocks is crucial as they offer unique insights into interspecific interactions, community structure, and foraging behaviours in complex ecosystems. This study investigates the composition, structure, and behavioural dynamics of mixed-species flocks in the habitats of Majathal Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh. Observations were conducted from 2023 to 2024, with a focus on the non-breeding season, a period marked by heightened flocking activity. A total of 26 bird species forming mixed-species flocks were recorded using point count and line transect methods. Flocks were found to vary in structure, size, and species composition, with all participating birds belonging to the order Passeriformes. Insectivorous species predominated, with omnivorous and nectarivorous types playing supportive roles. Five distinct flocks were identified and analysed for foraging behaviour, vertical stratification, and nucleus species roles. Overall, the study shows that mixed-species flocks in the sanctuary are structured ecological units organized around key nucleus species that coordinate flock behaviour and resource use. These findings are important because they advance our understanding of species interactions in Himalayan ecosystems and provide valuable insights for biodiversity conservation.